
March 4, 2026
7
Min reading

Since 2005, Europe has put in place a system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, it is one of the most important elements of energy transition policy in Europe.
This is called the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS).
It is a tool that facilitates the achievement of emission reduction goals for greenhouse gases (GHG). Today, this market is in a state of panic and is experiencing a linear increase. Electricity prices are therefore following this trend.
Indeed, this is one of the factors that explains the recent rise in prices on wholesale markets. In the space of a year, the price per ton of CO2 has increased Rise stellar.
First of all, it is necessary to understand the principle of operation of this market. Then, we can discuss ways to improve this exchange system. This article will also be an opportunity for us to describe the global challenges around carbon markets.
The CO2 quota system has a direct impact on the energy expenditure of industrial companies. In general, the ETS (Emissions Trading System) system concerns many companies.
SirEnergies is there for you deciphering how the CO2 market works !
The reduction of GHG emissions is a recent problem in the eyes of history. This is a subject that was first discussed in 1997. The Kyoto protocol is the main trigger. The majority of industrialized countries are becoming aware of this problem.
This is how measures are put in place aimed at achieving the political goals set. The aim is to reduce the presence of CO2 molecules in the atmosphere. This is the EU ETS for European Emissions Trading Scheme.
However, it was only a few years later, in 2005, that the system came into force. It is in fact just one system among others to price carbon. In economics, this is called managing a negative externality, that is, giving the cost of an activity that is harmful to the environment.
In this way, a signal is sent to the consumer and to the electricity producers. The aim is to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% in the years following the implementation of the system.
A small number of activities are responsible for the majority of GHG emissions in the world. For example, in Europe, only 11,000 installations are responsible for more than 45% of GHG emissions. Unlike a simple “carbon tax”, this mechanism is more complex and organized.
The State then defines the quantity of emission allowances to be covered for each installation. A quota represents a right to pollute equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide.
If a company has more allowances than actual CO2 emissions, then it can resell its additional allowances. It can thus benefit from it, and at the same time contribute to the achievement of environmental objectives. In the opposite case, the company must buy the missing quotas on the carbon markets.
In summary, the system therefore encourages each participant to reduce their emissions by maintaining the monitoring of their carbon footprint. In any case, these are the benefits expected by the European Union from this type of mechanism.
There are nearly a thousand companies concerned in France. There are several sectors of activity such as the steel industry, aviation or even electricity production. And it is in particular this last activity that interests us particularly. Indeed, the more the price per ton of CO2 increases, the more electricity producers will increase their prices.
What's more, some of them get emissions allowances for free. The aim is not to degrade the competitiveness of certain companies operating on international markets. We can therefore see that it is not a totally liberal market in the economic sense of the term.
Today, there is therefore an entire ecosystem around the carbon market. Companies can exchange quotas directly with each other (by mutual agreement) or through the various exchanges.
The energy transition is a breakthrough that will profoundly change the way we consume energy. Faced with the climate emergency, public authorities are trying to put in place (still timidly) concrete mechanisms. An example of this is carbon markets.
Several countries have set up a carbon market similar to the one we have in Europe. Examples include China, the United States and Canada.
For a system to work, several parameters must be taken into account. In our case, it is imperative that the information exchanged concerning the actual emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere be validated. It is also important to keep all business declarations in one place.
In summary, it is necessary to follow up on this information.
It is a role that must be assumed by the State or an independent body accredited for this. We have seen several initiatives appear around the world.

Source: i4ce
Les GHG emissions are a global problem. However, it can be seen that coaching initiatives have not yet been developed all over the world.
It is obvious that GHG emissions have declined significantly in the first ten years of the mechanism, at least in Europe.

Evolution curve of European emissions by country since 2005
However, this drop in prices is not necessarily good news. Indeed, with this example, we will see the limits of the carbon market.
Starting in 2008 and the global financial crisis, economic activity contracted across Europe.
The companies concerned were therefore left with an excess of quotas to dispose of. Carbon prices have therefore fallen very sharply. The ton has collapsed to €5/ton.
The market is no longer playing its role in regulating emissions. This is one of the most vocal criticisms of this mechanism.
The carbon market, in its initial form, therefore contained a number of flaws that made it ineffective. If the price is too low, there is no incentive to reduce emissions. The mechanism that forms the price is therefore very important in our problem. However, it is a financial market like any other, and it responds to certain factors.
Following the events mentioned above, gradual adjustments have been made to the system. First of all, the first measure concerns the free transfer of quotas; this measure must gradually disappear. Auctions are organized to sell quotas previously ceded without compensation. Several industries had to review their strategies, because previously a large number of quotas were obtained for free.
There is also another flagship measure that improves the mechanism, which is the establishment of a Market stability reserve. As we have seen, the excess of quotas has often caused malfunctions. The purpose of this reserve is to remove excess quotas from the market.
These two mechanisms proved their worth right away. The carbon price thus reached €25/ton in 2018. At the same time, the quantity of quotas fell relatively significantly over the same period. The combination of these two mechanisms has already made it possible to significantly improve the system at European level.
One of the developments to be monitored very carefully concerns the quantity of quotas. Indeed, the main purpose of the carbon market is to reduce GHG emissions. The goals are therefore supposed to be more and more ambitious.
Over the years, we should see a reduction in the quotas available on the market to force, in a way, companies to reduce their emissions. When there are not enough allowances to trade to cover all GHG emissions, then businesses will have a real incentive to take action. The increase in objectives coupled with the reduction of excess quotas should have the expected effects.
The expansion of business sectors is also planned. Indeed, for example, the aviation sector appeared only later in the mechanism. Some others are still under discussion, such as agriculture.
One of the topics that comes up most often in discussions remains Floor price. Several European countries are in favor of the establishment of a minimum price that would prevent the price per ton from falling below a certain threshold, despite favorable market conditions. The European Commission is currently interested in this subject.
It is a way of maintaining a market mechanism but with a form of regulation, necessary in many cases in the Energy sector. This is a measure that has already been taken in Europe, and we can hope that other countries such as France follow this trend.
Electricity, gas and CO2 prices change every day and are important to follow for buy at the best time.
Beyond supporting you in your energy optimizations, our vision is to give you this transparency in real time. Price data allows you to make better decisions for your business.

.png)
Le prix Forward est fixé à l'avance (sécurité budgétaire), tandis que le prix Spot varie heure par heure selon le marché (opportunité mais risque élevé).
.png)
Sourcing consists in identifying and analysing the offers of several electricity and gas suppliers. This approach makes it possible to obtain contracts adapted to the consumption profile and budgetary constraints of the company.
.png)
C'est l'indicateur d'efficacité d'un appareil électrique ; il représente le ratio entre la puissance active (utile) et la puissance apparente (totale).
.png)
Le transport (RTE) correspond aux "autoroutes" de l’électricité. Il s’agit de transporter de très grandes quantités d'énergie sur de longues distances, depuis les centrales de production (nucléaires, barrages, parcs éoliens offshore) vers les régions de consommation.
La distribution (Enedis) s'apparente aux "routes départementales" et aux rues. Elle récupère l'électricité à la sortie du réseau de transport pour la livrer directement chez le client final, en abaissant la tension pour qu'elle soit utilisable par vos appareils.
.png)
Tertiary companies are concerned by taxes such as TICFE or TICGN. Sirenergies checks the accuracy of invoices, identifies possible exemptions, and helps correct errors to sustainably reduce costs.
.png)
Communities are subject to taxes such as TICFE or TICGN. Sirenergies analyzes invoices, identifies exemption possibilities and fixes possible errors to reduce the tax burden.
.png)
Car les marchés dépendent de facteurs exogènes imprévisibles (géopolitique, météo soudaine, politique) que les modèles basés sur l'historique ne peuvent pas anticiper, tout comme on ne prédit pas le Loto.
.png)
La Vente de Nucléaire Universelle (VNU) est le nouveau mécanisme de régulation des prix de l'électricité en France. Contrairement à l'ARENH, il ne s'agit plus d'un volume fixe à prix réduit, mais d'une redistribution financière des revenus excédentaires d'EDF aux consommateurs, basée sur les prix de marché et les coûts de production du nucléaire historique.
.png)
Ce record de 92,3 TWh s'explique par la conjonction de trois facteurs :
.png)
The subscribed power must be calculated according to the consumption profile and uses (heating, industrial processes, tertiary equipment). One fine analysis makes it possible to ensure the adequacy between real need and contract.
.png)
Farms are subject to taxes such as TICFE or TICGN. Sirenergies verifies their application, identifies cases of exemption and accompanies the procedures to reduce the tax burden.
.png)
Le processus repose sur l'utilisation de la force de l'eau (énergie cinétique) issue des courants, des chutes d'eau ou des dénivelés. Le fonctionnement suit trois étapes clés :
.png)
Parce que la puissance souscrite en kVA détermine le prix de l'abonnement et que tout dépassement peut entraîner des surcoûts importants.
.png)
Ce seuil est jugé élevé par rapport aux prévisions actuelles du marché. Si le prix de l'électricité reste en dessous de 78 €/MWh, les entreprises ne bénéficieront d'aucune redistribution. Cela signifie que la protection promise par la réforme pourrait être inexistante dans un marché baissier, d'où l'importance de stratégies de sourcing agiles et d'outils de monitoring comme Pilott.
.png)
La réussite d'un projet collectif énergie repose sur trois piliers fondamentaux :
.png)
Some businesses may obtain a partial or total exemption from the TICFE or the TICGN, depending on their activity and energy intensity. The support of an expert makes it possible to identify the eligibility criteria and to put together the file.
.png)
Instauré en 2017, ce dispositif répond à un enjeu de sécurité nationale.
L'électricité ne se stockant pas à grande échelle, le réseau doit être capable de répondre instantanément à la demande, même lors des pics de froid hivernaux. Le mécanisme incite financièrement les producteurs à maintenir leurs centrales disponibles et les entreprises à réduire leur consommation (effacement) lors de ces périodes critiques.
.png)
The industry is concerned by TICFE, TICGN and other contributions that may represent an important part of invoices. Sirenergies identifies cases of exemption and accompanies the procedures to benefit from them.
.png)
Absolument. La réforme des heures creuses vise à absorber la surproduction solaire en milieu de journée. Les créneaux d'heures creuses se déplacent progressivement vers la plage 11h00 – 17h00, notamment en été. C'est une opportunité majeure pour les sites industriels ou tertiaires capables de flexibilité.
Conseil stratégique :
.png)
L'abondance de production française tire les prix du marché de gros vers le bas.
En vertu du mécanisme de l'Ordre de Mérite (Merit Order), les centrales les moins coûteuses (nucléaire, renouvelables) couvrent la demande plus souvent, évinçant les centrales à gaz ou charbon plus onéreuses.
Cela multiplie les épisodes de prix bas, voire négatifs, sur le marché spot.
.png)
En 2025, la France a atteint un solde exportateur net de 92,3 TWh, battant le précédent record de 2024 (89 TWh).
.png)
Among the taxes include TICFE, TICGN, CTA, CJA and TURPE. They represent a significant part of the bill and vary according to consumption profiles. Understanding them well is essential to optimize costs.
.png)
Chaque modèle d'IA répond à un besoin spécifique du cycle d'achat :
L'expertise humaine reste néanmoins indispensable.
.png)
L'impact dépendra des prix de marché. Le mécanisme prévoit une redistribution si les prix dépassent 78 €/MWh. Cependant, si les cours restent bas (actuellement autour de 60 €/MWh), le dispositif ne s'activera pas. La facture sera alors indexée à 100% sur les prix de marché, rendant le choix du fournisseur et du moment d'achat critiques.
.png)
Un appel d’offres permet de mettre en concurrence plusieurs fournisseurs d’électricité et de gaz afin d’obtenir des conditions contractuelles optimisées. C’est une démarche transparente qui permet de choisir l’offre la plus adaptée aux besoins budgétaires et techniques de l’organisation.
.png)
Oui, elle est considérée comme une énergie renouvelable à faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
De plus, l'eau ne subit aucune transformation chimique durant le cycle de production et réintègre son milieu naturel en aval.
Cependant, la construction de barrages nécessite des mesures pour protéger les écosystèmes (débit minimum, passes à poissons).
.png)
This makes it possible to choose the right time to contract, secure your budgets and anticipate increases.
.png)
Le kVA mesure la capacité maximale que votre compteur peut supporter à un instant T, tandis que le kWh mesure la quantité d'énergie consommée sur une durée.
.png)
These are signals sent by RTE during periods of tension on the electrical network. The Sirenergies tool informs you in real time to anticipate your uses.
.png)
Non. L'IA traite la donnée (data processing), mais l'analyste apporte la compréhension du contexte (market sentiment) et la prise de décision stratégique.
.png)
Tertiary companies must manage their energy costs while guaranteeing the comfort of users (offices, shops, services). Consumption is often linked to heating, air conditioning and lighting, which requires precise monitoring to avoid budgetary excesses.
.png)
The €/MWh is a price unit used in wholesale markets, while kWh is the unit visible on your bills.
.png)
Exceeding capacity leads to financial penalties and can impact the size of the contract. Adjust the correctly subscribed power makes it possible to avoid these additional costs.
.png)
La fin de l'ARENH (Accès Régulé à l'Électricité Nucléaire Historique) marque l'arrêt de la fourniture d'électricité à prix fixe garanti (42 €/MWh).
Dès le 1er janvier 2026, les entreprises sont exposées aux prix de marché, mais deux nouveaux mécanismes de régulation prennent le relais, bien que leur logique soit différente :
Conseil stratégique : Ne comptez pas sur le VNU pour réduire votre facture en 2026 si les marchés restent stables. Auditez vos contrats dès maintenant pour intégrer une part de prix fixe ou explorer des "Power Purchase Agreements" (PPA) pour sécuriser vos coûts sur le long terme.
.png)
One invoice consists of several elements: consumption, supplier share, taxes and contributions. The analysis of each line makes it possible to identify possible errors and to check the consistency with the signed contract.

